"On April 7, 1997, a sensational piece of news flashed across the computer screens of the entire world mathematical community.

The website of the International Congress to be held the following year in Berlin announced that the Holy Grail of mathematics had finally been claimed. Someone had proved the Riemann Hypothesis.

That news was destined to have profound effects. The Riemann Hypothesis is a central problem for all of mathematics.

As they read their e-mail, mathematicians were buzzing with excitement at the prospect of understanding one of the greatest mysteries of mathematics.

The announcement came in a letter from Professor Enrico Bombieri. You couldn't have asked for a better, more esteemed source. Bombieri is one of the custodians of the Riemann Hypothesis and resides at the prestigious Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, which has already hosted Einstein and Gödel. He speaks very softly, but mathematicians listen to everything he has to say. [...]

"There are some fantastic developments at the lecture Alain Connes gave at the Institute for Advanced Study last Wednesday," Bombieri began in the email. [...] He went on to explain how a young physicist attending the lecture had "in a flash" seen a way to use his bizarre world of "supersymmetric fermionic-bosonic systems" to attack the Riemann Hypothesis.

Not many mathematicians knew what this cocktail of technical terms had recently become popular among particle physicists meant, but Bombieri explained that it described "the physics corresponding to a statistical ensemble very close to absolute zero of a mixture of anyons and morons with opposite spins."

The matter still sounded rather obscure, but it was the solution to the most difficult problem in the history of mathematics, so no one expected it to be easy. According to Bombieri, after six days of nonstop work and with the help of a new programming language called MISPAR, the young physicist had finally cracked mathematics’s most intractable problem.

Bombieri concluded his email with the words: “Wow! Please spread the word about this.”

As extraordinary as it was that a young physicist had finally proved the Riemann Hypothesis, the news was not all that surprising. Mathematics and physics had often been tangled up together in the past few decades. Although the Riemann Hypothesis was a problem that had number theory at its core, it had been showing unexpected resonances with some problems in particle physics for a few years.

Mathematicians were preparing to change their travel plans to fly to Princeton to share the moment. [...]

It wasn’t just mathematicians who were excited by Bombieri’s announcement. Would this solution to the Riemann Hypothesis cause a crash in e-commerce? NSA agents were sent to Princeton to find out. But as mathematicians and electronic counterintelligence agents flocked to Princeton, many people began to smell something fishy in Bombieri's email.

It's true that elementary particles have been given some crazy names: gluons, csi hyperons, enchanted mesons, quarks, the latter courtesy of James Joyce. But "morons"? Certainly not!

Bombieri has an unrivaled reputation for knowing every detail of the Riemann Hypothesis, but those who know him personally also know that he has a wicked sense of humor. [...]

With Bombieri's email, the mathematical community had been fooled. Eager to relive the excitement that had been sparked a few years earlier by the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, mathematicians had jumped on Bombieri's bait. And the pleasure of forwarding that email meant that, as it spread rapidly, the date of April 1st disappeared from the original source. Add to that the fact that the email was read in countries where the concept of April Fools' Day did not exist, and it becomes clear why the prank was much more successful than its author could have imagined.

Eventually Bombieri had to confess that his email was a joke.

As the 21st century approached, we remained completely in the dark about the nature of the most fundamental numbers in mathematics. It was the prime numbers that had the last laugh."

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The Last Judicial Hanging in The United States

Billy Bailey was born in 1946, the ninth of 23 children, in South Carolina, where they lived in poverty. When he grew up, he developed an alcohol addiction and had a filthy temper. Bailey also got in trouble with the law on numerous occasions, committing six felonies ranging from grand larceny to burglary. In 1979, in Delaware, after being placed in a work release facility, Billy Bailey learned he faced a potential 45-year sentence for his most recent string of crimes. After attempting to kill himself with a knife only to be stopped by his brother-in-law, Bailey asked him to stop at a liquor store. There, he robbed the clerk before knocking her down and attempting to shoot her, but thankfully, the gun jammed. He fled the scene, being dropped off by his brother-in-law at Lambertson’s Corner. There, Billy Bailey entered a farmhouse and stole a shotgun. The elderly couple inside where then slaughtered by Bailey, the man being shot twice in the chest and once in the head with the pist...

Jewish women being stripped naked by Ukrainians in 1941.

They are trying to strip her of her humanity and dignity, but look into the eyes of this brave and lovable woman, and you will see she has not succumbed to them. The decision to kill all Jews in Kyiv was made by Major General Kurt Eberhardt, Chief of Military Government; Friedrich Jeckeln, Senior SS Commander of Army Group South; and Otto Rush, Commander of Einsatzgruppe C. Sonderkommando 4a, a subordinate organization of Einsatzgruppe C, carried out the order with the support of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police SD and Order Police Battalions, which were supported by the German Wehrmacht. The shooting was carried out by Sonderkommando 4a and the 45th Battalion of the German Security Police. At the time, members of the 303rd Battalion of the German Security Police were guarding the perimeter of the execution site.

HOW BAD WERE THE REGULAR GERMAN SOLDIERS DURING WORLD WAR 2?

Initially, I believed that German soldiers of the world war II were ordinary soldiers who took orders and did them. My teacher in history informed us that they were not like the SS. However, as I read ancient journals, I found out that the truth was even worse--and could only depend on their fighting location. An example is that of General Erwin Rommel in North Africa. He even burnt the orders of his seniors that he was required to kill prisoners. In some localities such as France, a number of the German soldiers were professional in their deeds and did not harm civilians as they did not want to be despised. However, this changed when they visited Russia. The Barbarossa Decree allowed the German leaders to have no restrictions when it came to acting. In the East, they appeared to have lost their sense of humanity. The most terrifying was the fact that the British had placed microphones in the German cells of prisoners. The soldiers were seen on camera discussing the killing of ind...

During the last days of April 1945, Berlin was a fire zone city. Majority of the German officers were disposing of their uniforms and were making an attempt to vanish before the Soviet army came. And yet was there but one man (General Robert Ritter von Greim) who did so do the very reverse. He flew to the very middle of the battle to visit Hitler one more time. The flight logs and eyewitness reports of this journey have been under my study and it is among the most desperate of the whole war. By now, the Soviet army had nearly besieged Berlin to the latter. Hitler had just dismissed his long time Air Force commander Hermann Goring accusing him of being a traitor. He would have preferred von Greim to succeed the job. Von Greim did not take a heavy bomber to get into the city. He flew in a small thin-bodied aircraft termed a Fieseler Storch. Not only was he not alone but he also had the famous female test pilot, Hanna Reitsch who was famous due to her incredible bravery. Since they w...

In December 2003, Joyce Vincent died of an apparent asthma attack in her North London flat. The television remained on.

The mail continued to be delivered. Her rent was set to be automatically deducted from her bank account. Days passed and no one noticed she had died. Those days turned into weeks and the weeks into months. There were large bins on the side of the building next to her flat, so the neighbours never gave much thought to the foul odor they could smell. The block was full of noisy children and teenagers and no one questioned the constant hum of the TV noise in the background. Eventually, Joyce's bank account ran dry. Her landlord sent her letters of demand. These, like the others, simply fell into the mix on her floor. They received no reply. Finally, with more than six months of back rent, the landlord obtained a court order to forcibly remove her from the premises. The bailiffs broke down the door and only then was her body discovered. At that point, it was January 2006, more than two years after her death. In all this time, no one ever came looking for Joyce Vincent. No family, no fr...

The story behind this photo continues to shock anyone who recognizes it.

In 1968, two men kidnapped Kim Bird. They put her in a homemade coffin, took this photo and buried her in the woods. They hung the photo on a local bulletin board and signed on the back, "I am buried in the woods, you have no more than 5 days to find me." For days, passersby looked at the photo and thought it was a joke. Until a former colleague of Kim's saw the photo. She immediately went to the police, but they didn't know what to do. After all, they only have the photo, but where it is buried is unknown. Then Kim's classmate started looking at the photo and realized that some letters are written strangely, highlighted in bold, and if you look closely, you can read the girl's secret message. On the leaf was written Kim + Brad (classmate's name). It was exactly the kind of inscription they had once left on a tree during a vacation in the woods as a token of their love for each other in high school. Brad immediately went with the police to the site and th...

In a small village in Iran, Suraiya's family lives: her husband, two daughters, and two sons.

Her husband suddenly falls in love with a fourteen-year-old girl, and the desire to marry her overwhelms him in exchange for marrying the girl, Suraiya's husband agrees to cover the medical expenses of her ailing father.But in the meantime, he finds it difficult to bring in a new wife while already having one, and he's also worried about the increased expenses. Then Suraiya's husband hatches a plan. He strikes a deal with the village headman and spreads a rumor about his wife. The rumor was that, "his wife is having an affair with someone else."To bolster this rumor, they even create false witnesses by threatening or luring certain individuals. As a result, Suraiya's guilt is quickly proven. According to the law, Suraiya is sentenced to death. The death penalty was horrific. A pit was dug in public on the road. Suraiya's hands and feet were tied. She was buried waist-deep in the pit. Earth was piled around her. Then, from a distance, stones were thrown at...

1941 Nazi murderer now identified

A man in a long coat with a full head of hair and sunken cheeks kneels at the edge of a mass grave, resigned to his fate. The dozens of corpses below him and the gunman pointing a pistol to the back of his head leave no room for doubt — he knows his life is about to end. The victim's identity remains a mystery, but a match has been found for the perpetrator with 99% certainty. The gunman in the photo, striking a "casual pose," while showing "performative indifference" and "procedural matter-of-factness," is most likely Nazi war criminal Jakobus Onnen, and the photo was probably a Nazi trophy, said German historian Jürgen Matthäus... read more

Why did Southerners, who were bitter after the Civil War, decide to join the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American War?

Look no further than ‘Fighting Joe Wheeler’ - ex Confederate Cavalry General officer, wounded three times, with 16 horses shot from beneath him between 1861–1865, serving as a General of Volunteers in Cuba in 1898 at the tender age of 61. He commanded young Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders and even shouted to his command in the heat of the moment at the Battle of Las Guasimas (June 24, 1898): "Let's go, boys! We've got the damn Yankees on the run again!” He would later accept an appointment into the Regular Army as a Brigadier General, in 1900, 39 years after he had resigned his commission and served under Arthur MacArthur as a Brigade Commander in the Philippines. He also attended the hundredth-anniversary celebration of the U.S. Military Academy (West Point, New York) in 1902, and met some of his former fellow Confederate officers, including James Longstreet and Edward Porter Alexander while wearing his dress uniform of general in the U.S. Army. Longstreet reportedly ...

A final cigarette... then the hangman's noose: Three men put to death in Kuwaiti car park in country's first execution in six years

Blindfolded, his hands bound, a condemned prisoner puffs desperately on a final cigarette. Just a few minutes later he and two others are led up a short flight of stairs, nooses are placed around their necks before a trapdoor opens beneath their feet. This is justice Kuwait-style. The Gulf-Arab state hanged three convicted murderers today, the first executions to take place there since 2007, state news agency KUNA reported. Kuwait, which has a population of around three and a half million people, operates a judicial system which is a mixture of Islamic Sharia law, English common law, and the Ottoman civil code. The state carried out 72 executions (69 men and three women) between April 1964 and May 2007. Crimes that carry the death sentence include drug trafficking, murder and treason. Sentences are not carried out publically however members of the media act as witnesses and pictures are published in the hope it will act as a deterrent KUNA said 48 people remain on death row in Ku...

Holocaust victim

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